Applications of Metaheuristic Algorithms in Precision Medicine and Personalized Healthcare: A Review

Abstract

This paper presents a comprehensive review of metaheuristic algorithms in biological and biomedical applications over the period 2000-2025. We systematically analyze the literature on metaheuristic algorithms and their applications to protein folding, drug discovery, genomic analysis, precision medicine,. The review covers approximately 170 papers, providing a structured taxonomy of algorithms, applications, and evaluation methodologies. We identify key trends including the shift toward hybrid approaches, integration of machine learning, and growing emphasis on explainability. The survey reveals that high-dimensional search spaces, expensive evaluations, multi-objectivi remain significant open problems. We provide detailed analysis of evaluation protocols, benchmark suites, and statistical methodologies. Future research directions include hybrid algorithm design, quantum-inspired methods, and standardized benchmarking frameworks.